Conservation-oriented restoration and its application to Central Asia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54981/PCDA/vol1_iss1/a3Keywords:
biodiversity, conservation strategy, restoration, threatened speciesAbstract
Continuing wide-scale habitat degradation and species extinctions indicate that existing plant conservation practices are inadequate and new approaches are needed. I briefly summarize the major principles of a previously proposed concept called conservation- oriented restoration and compare it with two other approaches to tackling ecosystems' degradation and biodiversity loss: traditional restoration and species-targeted conservation. I then present my perspective on how this concept can be applied in Central Asia as a possible solution to the regional biodiversity crisis.
Share
Downloads
References
Kyrgyz Republic Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Ministry of Environmental Protection, Bishkek. Anonymous (2010)
ADB, Asian Development Bank. Anonymous (2011) Biodiversity in Central Asia: Visual Synthesis (2011). https://www.kz.undp.org/content/kazakhstan/en/ home/library/environment_energy/biodiversityin-central-asia--a-visual-synthesis.html.
Araújo MB, Alagador D, Cabeza M, Nogués-Bravo D, Thuiller W (2011) Climate change threatens European conservation areas.
Aronson J, Floret C, Le Floc’h E, Ovalle C, Pontanier R (1993) Restoration and rehabilitation of degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid lands.
Aslan CE, Zavaleta ES, Croll D, Tershy B (2012) Effects of native and non‐native vertebrate mutualists on plants. Conservation Biology 26: 778-789.
Barbolini N, Woutersen A, Dupont-Nivet G, Silvestro D, Tardif D, Meijer N, Chang C, Zhang H-X, Licht A, Rydin C (2020) Cenozoic evolution of the steppe-desert biome in Central Asia.
Beisner BE, Haydon DT, Cuddington K (2003) Alternative stable states in ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 1: 376-382.
Bridgewater P (2016) The Anthropocene biosphere: do threatened species, Red Lists, and protected areas have a future role in nature conservation? Biodiversity and Conservation 25: 603-607.
Brodie JF, Aslan CE (2012) Halting regime shifts in floristically intact tropical forests deprived of their frugivores.
Burney DA, Burney LP (2007) Paleoecology and "inter-situ" restoration on Kauai, Hawaii. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 5: 483490. Caves JK, Moragne DY, Ibarra DE, Bayshashov BU, Gao Y, Jones MM, Zhamangara A, Arzhannikova AV, Arzhannikov SG, Chamberlain CP (2016) The neogene degreening of central Asia. Geology 44: 887-890.
Chase JM (2003) Community assembly: when should history matter? Oecologia 136: 489-498.
Clewell A, Rieger JP (1997) What practitioners need from restoration ecologists.
Cochrane JA, Crawford AD, Monks LT (2007) The significance of ex situ seed conservation to reintroduction of threatened plants.
Connell JH, Slatyer RO (1977) Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization.
Conservation International (2008) Biodiversity Hotspots: Mountains of Central Asia. Conservation International, Washington, DC, USA. Available at: http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/ central_asia/.
Cwynar LC, Macdonald GM (1987) Geographical variation of lodgepole pine in relation to population history.
Davis SD, Heywood VH, Hamilton AC (1995) Centres of plant diversity: a guide and strategy for their conservation. Volume 2. Asia, Australasia and the Pacific.
Dobson AP, Bradshaw AD, Baker AJM (1997) Hopes for the future: Restoration ecology and conservation biology. Science 277: 515-522.
Eastwood A, Lazkov G, Newton A (2009) The red list of trees of Central Asia. Fauna and Flora International. FAO/IPGRI (1994) Genebank Standards. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome.
Fenu G, Cogoni D, Bacchetta G (2016) The role of fencing in the success of threatened plant species translocation.
Fiedler PL, Laven RD (1996) Selecting reintroduction sites. In: Falk DA, Millar CI, Olwell M (eds), Restoring Diversity: strategies Volis for reintroduction of endangered plants.
Fotinos TD, Namoff S, Lewis C, Maschinski J, Griffith MP, von Wettberg EJB (2015) Genetic evaluation of a reintroduction of Sargent's Cherry Palm, Pseudophoenix sargentii. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 142: 51-62.
Gorelov UK (1999) Kulan Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775.
Guerrant EOJ, Havens K, Vitt P (2014) Sampling for effective ex situ plant conservation.
Guerrant EOJ, Raven A (2003) Supporting in situ conservation: the Berry Botanic Garden, an ex situ regional resource in an integrated conservation community In: Smith RD, Dickie JB, Linington SH, Pritchard HW, Probert RJ (eds), Seed conservation: turning science into practice.
Hampe A, Petit RJ (2005) Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters.
Helm A, Zobel M, Moles AT, Szava‐Kovats R, Pärtel M (2015) Characteristic and derived diversity: implementing the species pool concept to quantify conservation condition of habitats. Diversity and Distributions 21: 711-721.
Heywood VH (2016) In situ conservation of plant species – an unattainable goal? Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 63: 211-231.
Heywood VH (2017) Plant conservation in the Anthropocene – challenges and future prospects.
Heywood VH (2019) Conserving plants within and beyond protected areas – still problematic and future uncertain. Plant Diversity 41: 36-49. Hobbs RJ, Higgs ES, Hall CM (eds) (2013) Novel ecosystems: intervening in the new ecological world order.
Howe HF, Martinez-Garza C (2014) Restoration as experiment.
Botanical Sciences 92: 459-468. IUCN/SSC (2014) Guidelines on the Use of Ex Situ Management for Species Conservation. Version 2.0.
Jackson LL, Lopoukhine N, Hillyard D (1995) Ecological restoration: a definition and options.
Kaczensky Pea (2019) Rapid assessments of wildlife in Turkmenistan 2018. NINA Report 1696. Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA), Тronheim. Kadis C, Thanos CA, Laguna E (eds) (2013) Plant micro-reserves: From theory to practice. Experiences gained from EU LIFE and other related projects.
Kamelin RV (1973) A florogenetic analysis of the native flora of the Mountainous Central Asia.
Kharin N (2011) Vegetation degradation in Central Asia under the impact of human activities.
Korovin EP (1962) The Vegetation of Central Asia and Southern Kazakhstan. Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent.
Kramer A, Hird A, Shaw K, Dosmann M, Mims R (2011) Conserving North America’s Threatened Plants: Progress report on Target 8 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.
Kudryashev SN (1939) Fragments to the Monography of the Genus Otostegia Benth., Tashkent.
Kushnarenko SV, Romadanova NV, Aralbayeva MM (2020) Current state and in vitro conservation of the only endangered population of Corylus avellana in Kazakhstan. Research on Crops 21: 681-686.
Laguna E (2001) The micro-reserves as a tool for conservation of threatened plants in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Laguna E, Deltoro VI, Perez-Botella J, Perez-Rovira P, Serra L, Olivares A, Fabregat C (2004) The role of small reserves in plant conservation in a region of high diversity in eastern Spain.
Laguna E, Fos S, Jiménez J, Volis S (2016) Role of micro-reserves in conservation of endemic, rare and endangered plants of the Valencian region (Eastern Spain).
Lazkov GA, Kengebaeva NV, Shihotov VM, Sultanova BA (2002) The degree of study of the flora of the Western Tien Shan within Kyrgyzstan and the centers of its local endemism. Biological diversity of the Western Tien Shan. State and Prospects, Bishkek pp. 172175.
Volis McConkey KR, Prasad S, Corlett RT, Campos-Arceiz A, Brodie JF, Rogers H, Santamaria L (2012) Seed dispersal in changing landscapes.
Menges ES, Smith SA, Weekley CW (2016) Adaptive introductions: How multiple experiments and comparisons to wild populations provide insights into requirements for long-term introduction success of an endangered shrub.
Miao Y, Herrmann M, Wu F, Yan X, Yang S (2012) What controlled Mid–Late Miocene long-term aridification in Central Asia?—Global cooling or Tibetan Plateau uplift: A review.
Millet J, Tran N, Ngoc NV, Thi TT, Prat D (2013) Enrichment planting of native species for biodiversity conservation in a logged tree plantation in Vietnam.
Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.
Noël F, Prati D, van Kleunen M, Gygax A, Moser D, Fischer M (2011) Establishment success of 25 rare wetland species introduced into restored habitats is best predicted by ecological distance to source habitats.
Nowak A, Świerszcz S, Nowak S, Hisorev H, Klichowska E, Wróbel A, Nobis A, Nobis M (2020) Red List of vascular plants of Tajikistan – the core area of the Mountains of Central Asia global biodiversity hotspot.
Olson DM, Dinerstein E (1998) The Global 200: A representation approach to conserving the Earth’s most biologically valuable ecoregions.
Orozumbekov A, Cantarello E, Newton AC (2015) Status, distribution and use of threatened tree species in the walnut-fruit forests of Kyrgyzstan.
Partel M, Szava-Kovats R, Zobel M (2011) Dark diversity: shedding light on absent species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26: 124-128.
Pilkington F, Singh M, Wilkins V, Clubbe C (2020) The first rapid forest inventory and resource use assessment of Dashtijum Nature Reserve, Tajikistan: a mixed methods approach. Oryx 54: 443-450.
Pimm SL, Raven PH (2017) The fate of the world’s plants. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 32: 317320.
Popov MG (1927) Geographic and morphological method of taxonomy and hybridization processes in nature. Proceedings on appl. botany, genetics and breeding 17: 221-229.
Possingham HP, Andelman SJ, Burgman MA, Medellin RA, Master LL, Keith DA (2002) Limits to the use of threatened species lists. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17: 503-507.
Qushimov B, Ganiev IM, Rustamova I, Haitov B, Islam KR (2007) Land degradation by agricultural activities in Central Asia.
Raven PH (2020) Biological extinction and climate change. In: Al-Delaimy WK, Ramanathan V, Sánchez Sorondo M (eds), Health of People, Health of Planet and Our Responsibility.
Rivière S, Breman E, Kiehn M, Carta A, Müller JV (2018) How to meet the 2020 GSPC target 8 in Europe: priority-setting for seed banking of native threatened plants. Biodiversity and Conservation 27: 1873-1890.
Schneider T, Ashton MS, Montagnini F, Milan PP (2014) Growth performance of sixty tree species in smallholder reforestation trials on Leyte, Philippines.
Schroder A, Persson L, De Roos AM (2005) Direct experimental evidence for alternative stable states: a review. Oikos 110: 3-19.
Shaw K, Nicholson M, Hardwick K (2015) Encouraging and enabling a science-based approach to ecological restoration: an introduction to the work of the Ecological Restoration Alliance of Botanic Gardens (ERA). Sibbaldia: the Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture 13: 145-152.
Smith PP (2014) The role of seed banks in habitat restoration. In: Bozzano M, Jalonen R, Thomas E, Boshier D, Gallo L, Cavers S (eds), Genetic considerations in ecosystem restoration using native tree species. State of the World’s Forest Genetic Resources Thematic study. FAO and Bioversity International, Rome, Italy, pp. 106107.
Spicer RA, Farnsworth A, Su T (2020) Cenozoic topography, monsoons and biodiversity conservation within the Tibetan Region: An evolving story.
Volis Subiakto A, Rachmat HH, Sakai C (2016) Choosing native tree species for establishing man-made forest: A new perspective for sustainable forest management in changing world.
Tahktajan AL (1978) Floristic Regions of Earth.
Thomas CD, Bodsworth EJ, Wilson RJ, Simmons AD, Davies ZG, Musche M, Conradt L (2001) Ecological and evolutionary processes at expanding range margins. Nature 411: 577-581.
Tojibaev KS, Jang CG, Lazkov GA, Chang KS, Sitpayeva GT, Safarov N, Beshko NY, Muktubayeva SK, Vesselova PV, Turakulov I (2020) An annotated checklist of endemic vascular plants of the Tian-Shan Mountains in Central Asian countries. Phytotaxa 464: 117-158.
Volis S (2016a) Conservation-oriented restoration – how to make it a success? Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 63: 276-296.
Volis S (2016b) Conservation meets restoration – rescuing threatened plant species by restoring their environments and restoring environments using threatened plant species.
Volis S (2016c) How to conserve threatened Chinese species with extremely small populations? Plant Diversity 38: 53-62.
Volis S (2016d) Species-targeted plant conservation: time for conceptual integration.
Volis S (2017) Plant conservation in the Anthropocene: Definitely not win–win but maybe not lose–lose? , Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences.
Volis S (2018) Securing a future for China's plant biodiversity through an integrated conservation approach.
Volis S, Blecher M (2010) Quasi in situ – a bridge between ex situ and in situ conservation of plants. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 24412454.
Volis S, Tojibaev K (2021) Defining critical habitat for plant species with poor occurrence knowledge and identification of critical habitat networks. Biodiversity & Conservation (in press). WDPA (2020) World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA). https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematicareas/wdpa?tab=WDPA.
Wendelberger KS, Fellows MQN, Maschinski J (2008) Rescue and restoration: experimental translocation of Amorpha herbacea Walter var. crenulata (Rybd.) Isley into a novel urban habitat. Restoration Ecology 16: 542-552.
Wilson B, Dolotbakov A, Burgess BJ, Clubbe C, Lazkov G, Shalpykov K, Ganybaeva M, Sultangaziev O, Brockington SF (2021) Central Asian wild tulip conservation requires a regional approach, especially in the face of climate change. Biodiversity and Conservation 30: 17051730.
Wilson B, Mills M, Kulikov M, Clubbe C (2019) The future of walnut–fruit forests in Kyrgyzstan and the status of the iconic Endangered apple Malus niedzwetzkyana. Oryx 53: 415-423.
Wyse Jackson P (1997) Botanic gardens and the convention on biological diversity.
Young TP (2000) Restoration ecology and conservation biology.
Zimmer HC, Offord CA, Auld TD, Baker PJ (2016) Establishing a wild, ex situ population of a critically endangered shade-tolerant rainforest conifer: A translocation experiment. Plos One 11.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Articles are published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license. Authors retain copyright.
